Articulation in music is the art of starting a note so that
it has the clarity and intensity to express the intended
music. Technically speaking, with a string instrument it is
the bowing or plucking of the string, and with a wind
instrument the combined use of the tongue and air. In order
to develop proficiency in the use of articulation it is
best for the player of a brass instrument to start with a
simple air stream and to have the tongue gently touch the
back of the teeth without breaking the flow of air. This
feeling of flow is very important. A great many brass
musicians only play into the instrument without
playing through it, resulting in a
less-than-optimal tone production. This can also lead to
increased tension in the tongue without proper support from
the airflow, which will slow down and "harden" the tongue,
severely limiting the ability to express musical ideas.
Let's try starting a note without the use of the tongue,
just letting the air flow over the lips, exiting them into
vibrating with a buzz. When the note is sounding we can
develop a feeling for our tongue by moving it around the
mouth and listening to the resulting change in sound
quality. The next step is to let our tongue move to the
different positions it takes in producing the vowels, a - e
- i - o - u. After practicing this a few times, we relax
the tongue and articulate a gentle "da", watching the
movement of the tongue with our inner eye and listening to
the resulting sound. We should practice this in different
tempos and dynamics. We can also use a metronome to add
another dimension of control to the exercise. The next step
is to do the same with other syllables such as "ta", "do",
"te" "di", "ti" in order to hear the difference in sound.
In cantabile playing we will generally want to use the "da"
position of the tongue; however, it is very important to
develop the use of other syllables. Playing loud or soft in
different registers will require a slightly different
tongue position, and in contemporary music we often have to
produce certain effects which make it necessary to use the
tongue in peculiar ways.
A helpful practice technique is to play every phrase
slurred first before adding the articulation. This is very
beneficial because it allows us to practice letting the air
flow through the phrase without the complex movements of
the tongue disturbing the air. By doing this we also learn
to differentiate which muscles are used for tone production
and slurring, and which for tonguing. Using the tongue to
slur is a very common mistake that not only has a
detrimental effect on the sound quality, but also limits
our flexibility. In conclusion, good articulation is a very
crucial aspect of playing any musical instrument, and its
development is a process that take years of practice.